The Father of SouthAmerica great country BRAZIL

7(?): Cabral is born, presumably in Belmonte; the second son of Fernão Cabral, a nobleman. - Dates uncertain: Cabral is awarded an annuity by King John II, for military services rendered; marries Isabel de Castro, niece of Afonso de Albuquerque, navigator, statesman and founder of the Portuguese Empire in the Orient. - 1500: Second Portuguese expedition to India: a fleet comprising 10 men-of-war and 3 smaller ships, with 1500 men. Its command is given to Pedro Álvares Cabral by King Manuel I. The fleet sets sail from Lisbon on March 9. Cabral discovers Terras de Vera Cruz/The Land of the True Cross (Brazil), on April 22; loses 4 of his ships, but manages to reach Calicut on September 13; is unable to subjugate the Zamorim, the ruler of Calicut. - 1501: Returns to Portugal with only 5 ships, but with a heavy cargo of spices. - 1502: Refuses to command another expedition to India. - 1509: Having lost the King's favor, Cabral retires to his estate in Santarém. - 1515: He finally receives an annuity as a reward for having discovered Brazil, which is beginning to be colonized. - 1518: Receives another annuity for the same reason. - 1520(?): Cabral dies in Santarém.



SECOND EXPEDITION TO INDIA

Cabral, in command of the Second Expedition to India, sets sail from Lisbon.


Cabral is a warrior and a nobleman, but is only the second in the line of succession. Honors? Only those obtained due to his qualities and through his own efforts, not by birth. King John II had already given him an annuity for good military services rendered to the Crown. Now King Manuel I names him captain major, the commander-in-chief, of the second expedition to India: 13 ships, 1,500 men. He will have to subdue the Zamorim of Calicut, who had so badly treated Vasco da Gama during the first expedition. His mission includes laying the cornerstone of the Portuguese Empire in the Orient.

Cabral knows quite well that the world is full of war and treachery; that what is denied because of hatred, is granted because of fear. He also knows that the strong are pursued by the Fates and by strokes of misfortune. Pedro Álvares Cabral faces it all; he is of one mind - rather break than yield.

Pomp and circumstance at the Church of Santa Maria, in Belém; a pontifical mass for Cabral and his men. On March 9, they set off from Lisbon. Some time before, the king had told Cabral about the lands that lay west of the Great Sea, across from África. "Find them, if at all possible," the king said. Perhaps they were the reason for the insistence of King John II on moving the north-south division line of the Treaty of Tordesillas from 100 to 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.

There are well-known figures travelling with Cabral: Pero Vaz de Caminha, the king's chronicler; Bartolomeu Dias, first to round the Cape of Good Hope, Bartolomeu's brother, Diogo Dias, and Nicolau Coelho, one of the skippers in Vasco da Gama's expedition.

Misfortune number one: off the Cape Verde Islands, Cabral finds that one of the ships is missing. It will never be seen again. There were 13, now there are 12.

Off the coast of Guinea, they start sailing against the wind (1). Americo Vespucci (2) does not understand the maneuver and grumbles: "The Portuguese know nothing about sailing"...Let him grumble; the Italian is a worthy seaman, he has the right to grumble...Blown by southeasterly trade winds, the ships are pushed toward the West. The winds will then turn south-west and bring the fleet back to the coast of Africa, but in a latitude quite a bit farther south. Thus, the fleet will trace a wide arc in the Great Sea, below the equator.

But Cabral is in for some big surprises, in spite of his willingness to sail and face the world in the name of his king.

Garcia da Horta

1499?: Garcia da Orta is born in Castelo de Vide, Portugal, the son of Fernando (Isaac) da Orta and Leonor Gomes. – 1523: He studies medicine at Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares before returning to Portugal. – 1530: He is appointed Professor of Logic at Coimbra University. – 1534: He goes to Goa, Portuguese India, where he settles, employed as a physician and trading in spices and precious stones. – 1563: His “Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India” is published. – 1568: Garcia da Orta dies. – 4 December 1580: Condemned post-mortem by the Inquisition for the “crime” of “Judaism”, his bones are exhumed and burned.

"Favour the ancient
Science which Achilles held in esteem;
Look, because you must see
What was created in our time
The fruit of a Garden* where
New plants bloom, unknown to scholars.
Look, how in your lifetime
A remarkable Garden produces many herbs
In the Lusitanian fields,
Herbs which those wise sorcerers
Medea and Circe never found,
Because the laws of Magic outwitted them."




*A pun on Garcia da Orta’s name. ‘Orta’ or ‘horta’, from the Latin ‘hortus’, also means ‘garden’.
(The above is an extract from a poem written by Luis de Camões to the Count of Redondo, Viceroy of India, in homage to Garcia da Orta’s book, “Colloquies on the Simples, Drugs and Materia Medica of India and some of the fruits found there, and wherein matters are dealt with concerning practical medicine and other goodly things to know”, Goa 1563).i



A BOOK TALKS ABOUT ITS AUTHOR

Frontispiece from "Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas da Índia"


I know it’s not normal – I mean, it usually happens the other way round – but I am the book of an author whose biography I am about to write. It might seem strange, but the fact is that we books wander around our writers’ heads for so long that we end up knowing them inside out. Of course, we are not like human beings. For example, we are used to being named only after we have been printed. (By the way, printing was invented a mere century ago and has already caused quite a stir amongst us. Some books are jealous because they have not been printed and are still in manuscript form. Others have been printed but wish they had remained as manuscripts. After all, we live inside the heads and hearts of men, so we can’t help but take on some of their defects.) My name, “Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India”, had been given to me a long time before I was printed, but that’s another story. (“Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India” is actually an abbreviation of my full name – these days books come off the printing press with very long names, something my friend “The Illiad” will never get used to.)

My author is Garcia da Orta, a Portuguese doctor and New Christian. His life begins in about 1500 in Castelo de Vide, Portugal, and ends in 1568 in Goa, India (where, in 1563, I am printed for the first time). He is a descendant of Jews who are expelled from Spain in 1492 and flee to Portugal.

In 1497, King Manuel converts all Jews compulsorily to Christianity. From then on, they are known as New Christians, a term which already exists in Castile and Aragon (although the situation is different there). My author’s parents settle in Portugal and start to build a new life. Garcia, for whom I am not yet even a twinkle in his eye, finishes his general education and then goes to Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares, Castile, where he studies medicine.
It is there that I am conceived.

the frist Vice-King of History

Vasco da Gama The Hero of the Frist GLOBAL NATION

Vasco da Gama




1468 (?): Vasco da Gama is born, presumably in Sines, the second son of Estevão da Gama, a nobleman. - 1497: July 8, he leaves Lisbon as the Commander-in-Chief of the fleet that will discover the waterway to India. November 18, the fleet rounds the Cape of Good Hope. - 1498: May 20, he reaches Calicut and has to deal with the hostility of the Zamorin, the local ruler. October 5, he begins his return trip home. - 1499: Late August, he arrives in Lisbon and is given a hero's welcome. - 1502-04: Second trip to India. Carries out reprisals against the Zamorin. Makes alliances with the Kings of Cochin and Cananor, where he establishes trading posts. Returns to Lisbon with heavy cargo of spices. - 1524: Third trip to India, but now holding the title of Count of Vidigueira. He is designated Viceroy of India. Tries to put an end to insubordination and abuses. On December 25, da Gama dies in Cochin.

AFONSO I of PORT GRAAL

The Godfather of Port´Graal PORTUGAL

WHEN IT ALL HAPPENED...
1109: Probable year of Afonso Henriques's birth, in Coimbra, the son of Henry of Burgundy and Teresa, bastard daughter of Alfonso VI of Castile and León. Alfonso VI dies that same year. The struggle for power begins between Urraca, the legitimate heiress, and Teresa and several other pretenders to the throne. The dispute lasts for years. - 1122: Afonso Henriques anticipates Napoleon Bonaparte's gesture by several centuries: he ignores the presence of the cardinal who presides the knighting ceremony at the Cathedral of Zamora and proclaims himself a knight. - 1128: Afonso Henriques battles Teresa, his mother, and her ally, the Galician count Fernão Peres de Trava. The two sides engage in battle in the fields of São Mamede, near Guimarães Castle. The Galician army is defeated. This victory forces Teresa to give up the idea of annexing the Portuguese region to the Kingdom of Galicia. - 1129: On April 6, Afonso Henriques dictates a document in which he proclaims himself as King of the Portuguese territories. - 1135: Urraca's son, Alfonso VII, is crowned "Emperor of All Spain" at the Cathedral of León. Afonso Henriques refuses to pay homage to his cousin. - 1137: The Tui Peace Treaty. After fighting Alfonso VII in the region of the High Minho, Afonso Henriques promises to Alfonso "his allegiance, freedom from harm and assistance against all enemies." - 1139: Battle of Ourique. Afonso Henriques defeats five Moorish kings. - 1140: Afonso Henriques begins to use the title of King. - 1143: Probable date of the Treaty of Zamora, in which he makes peace with his cousin Alfonso VII. This is the first step toward Portuguese independence. Afonso Henriques writes to Pope Innocent II and declares himself, and his successors, as liegeman of the Holy See. This means that Afonso Henriques owes allegiance to no one but the Pope. Thus, no other power is greater than his over the territories he governs. - 1147: Afonso Henriques expels the Moors from Lisbon and a number of other Portuguese cities. - 1169: Afonso Henriques is taken prisoner by Fernando II, King of León. - 1179: The Catholic Church formally recognizes Afonso Henriques as king. - 1180: The conflicts with Fernando II, of León, over territories along the border and as well as on the Andalucian coast, come to an end. - 1185: Afonso Henriques dies in the city of his birth. His legacy, in addition to his great wealth, is the Condado Portucalense, the first European territory to establish a national identity.




No one is more deserving of the title of Founding Father than Afonso Henriques, son of Teresa, bastard daughter of King Alfonso VI, of Castile and León, and Count Henry of Burgundy. Very few people know, but it's thanks to the political shrewdness of Afonso Henriques that Portugal is the first European country to establish itself as an independent state. Even before the year 1200, Portugal is already Portugal. And that included the right to its own language - the Galician-Portuguese.

Genius, statesman, political fox, victor, implacable, extremely clever: Afonso is able to create an amazing story. Everything that can be manipulated in his favor, will be so, without any scruples. He begins his sequence of victories by founding a kingdom. To do so, he banishes his mommy to outer space, without as much as a farewell glance. At the time, though, nobody is thinking of Portugal as a possible consequence of an Oedipus Complex not well worked out. (Freud would only be around many centuries later).

Afonso's grandfather stands out as one of the most powerful men of his time. He is a personal friend of Saint Hugo - who doesn't know yet that he'll become a saint and builds the Abbey of Cluny, which, at the time, is the biggest house of worship in all Christendom. Afonso VI dips into his pockets, or into the public coffers, for the funds needed to finance Hugo's dream. The king is well connected in the royal circles of the Christian world; he has influence, he's flexible. Between one donation and another, he manages to have his bastard daughter married off to one of the Counts of Burgundy - a family of the upper-crust that will not easily mingle with people born on the wrong side of the tracks.

But Alfonso VI prepares an attractive package as a wedding present: Henry takes Teresa and, to boot, he gets the Portuguese Province, west of Castile, that for sometime now has been entertaining thoughts of independence. So, Alfonso VI, well aware of the antics practiced by the Portuguese, decides to kill two birds with one stone. In 1092, he joins the two distinct territories in that region - north and south of the Rio Douro - and decrees that the new province belongs to Teresa, and to her husband, of course. Urraca, his legitimate daughter, will sit on the throne of León and Castile, as dictated by the rules of morals and good manners.

Alfonso VI is more than a good and dedicated daddy, so he later tries to increase his power and dominion over additional territories. But his plans backfire. As soon as the king of León and Castile sticks his nose in the Portuguese Province, the local nobility starts a strong separatist movement.
Poor Henry of Burgundy ends up as a loser in this entire affair. Other than fathering the genius of Afonso Henriques, he gets very little out of the marriage. He wanders about the province trying to help his son, but the boy is a rebel and dispenses with his advice. The Count, a sophisticated Frenchman, feels hurt and annoyed. He's frightened by the idea of going down in history as a mere reproducer. But it's all Alfonso VI's fault. When he creates this soap opera, he commits one his few political mistakes: he does not take into account the local pride of the Portuguese Province or the possibility that someone might play dirty pool.

Fernando PESSOA "F.PeopleThe Champion of the Poets

..
1888: Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa is born on June 13, in Lisbon. - 1893: His father dies. - 1895: His mother marries Commander João Miguel Rosa. They move to Durban, South Africa. - 1904: He receives the Queen Victoria Memorial Prize, for an essay presented as part of the admission tests for Cape of Good Hope University. - 1905: He returns to Lisbon, alone. - 1912: He debuts as a writer in the literary magazine Águia. - 1915: Together with some friends, he founds Orpheu Magazine. - 1918/21: Publishes English Poems. - 1925: The poet's mother dies. - 1934: Publication of Mensagem. - 1935: Fernando Pessoa dies in Lisbon, victim of liver disorders.

The Atlantic Godness AMA LIA "love ly"

1920: Amália is born in Lisbon, in the city district of Alcântara, on July 1 (this date was Amália’s choice; her birth certificate says July 23). – 1929: She begins grade school at Escola Oficial da Tapada da Ajuda, from which she graduates. – 1934: She begins to work as an embroiderer and clothes presser on a piecework basis. – 1935: She participates in the group representing Alcântara in the citywide annual march contest; she sings in public for the first time, with Portuguese guitar accompaniment, at a charity event. – 1938: She represents Alcântara in the Spring Singing Contest. – 1939: She debuts as a fado singer at the Retiro da Severa. – 1944: She travels to Brazil for a six-week tour, but ends up staying for three months. She sings at the Copacabana Casino. – 1945: She makes her first recordings (in 78 r.p.m.) in Brazil, the first of the 170 records she makes thoughout her career. – 1947: She stars in the filme Capas Negras (Black Capes), which sets box office records, playing for 22 weeks at the Condes Cinema. – 1948: Amália receives the National Information Office (SNI) Prize as best actress for her performance in Fado, directed by Perdigão Queiroga. – 1949: She sings in Paris and London for the first time. – 1951: Her first tour of Africa: Mozambique, Angola and Congo. – 1952: She makes her first appearance in New York singing at the La Vie en Rose nightclub. Her contract is extended for a 4 month stay. She signs a contract with Valentim de Carvalho, a record company, where she will make all her recordings. – 1953: She becomes the first Portuguese singer to appear on American television, on the Eddie Fisher Show. – 1954: Her first recording album is released in the United States. She sings at the Mocambo, in Hollywood. – 1955: She records Canção do Mar (Song of the Sea) and Barco Negro (Black Ship) for Henri Verneuil’s film Os Amantes do Tejo (Tagus Lovers). In Mexico, she participates in the film Música de Sempre (Music of Always), with Edith Piaf. – 1957: She opens at the Olympia, in Paris, and begins to sing in French. Charles Aznavour composes Ai, Mourir por Toi, for her. – 1961: In Rio de Janeiro, she marries César Seabra, an engineer, with whom she will live until his death in 1997. – 1962: The release of an album based on the works of the poet Pedro Homem de Mello: Asas Fechadas (Closed Wings) and Povo que Lavas no Rio (You, People, Who Wash in the River). – 1966: She performs at Lincoln Center, in New York, accompanied by a symphony orchestra conducted by André Kostelanetz. – 1967: In Cannes, she receives the MIDEM Gold Disc award from the hands of Anthony Quinn, given to the recording artist who sold the most records in his or her country. This fact is repeated in the two years that followed and was equaled only by the Beatles. – 1970: She sings in Tokyo, New York and Rome and receives a high decoration from the French government. – 1975: Once again she performs at the Olympia, in Paris. – 1976: Along with Maria Callas and John Lennon, she participates in the recording of Le Cadeau de la Vie (The Gift of Life), released by UNESCO. – 1977: Amália sings at Carnegie Hall, in New York. – 1985: She returns for another performance at the Olympia, in Paris. For the first time, she gives a solo performance at the Coliseu dos Recreios, in Lisbon.- 1989: Amália celebrates her 50th anniversary as a singer with a retrospective exhibit at the Museu do Teatro (The Theater Museum), in Lisbon. – 1990: Two great shows: one at the Coliseu dos Recreios and the other at the S. Carlos Theater where the fado is heard for the first time in 200 years. – 1994: Lisbon is declared by the European Union as the Capital of Culture; during this event, Amália sings in public for the last time. – 1995: She undergoes an operation for a lung tumor. Her last recording, For the First Time, is released. – 1998: The recording The Best of Amália is released and highly praised by international critics. She is honored at the International Exposition of 1998, in Lisbon. – 1999: Amália dies on October 6, in Lisbon, at home, in Rua de S. Bento.

Somos Portugal!
Estaremos brevemente no topo das operações
Somos o coração do mundo
Os imbativeis do amor universal
Viva o Fado